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[null,null,null,null,"RDG",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RDG"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Verification"]
[null,"ID","Requirement classification","Requirement-text","Rationale","Reference information","Link","Requirement type",null,"Offer of Tenderer(s)","Design Review","First Article Inspection (FAI) of components","First Integration Inspection (FII)","Hand-over"]
[null," "]
[null,null,null,"Appendix C - Toilet design requirements"]
[null,"C.1",null,"Toilet Controls"]
[null,"C.1.1","D","The design of all toilet controls and their pictograms, should be intuitive, simple to use and consistent across different types of train","Having a flush button or a dryer outlet away from a sign or in a less obvious place is confusing and annoying to passengers. Sometimes pictograms are not obvious, so a written description can often help."]
[null,"C.1.2","D","The provision of a tactile map on the exterior wall of the toilet, indicating the location of the toilet bowl, washbasin, door lock etc, to blind or partially sighted passengers should be considered","Helps the person understand the location of equipment inside the toilet"]
[null,"C.1.3","E","Toilet flush controls shall be visible at all times, including when the toilet seat is raised ","Even with signage the push button behind a toilet lid is not obvious."]
[null,"C.1.4",null,"Soap / Water / Hand Dryer"]
[null,"C.1.4.1","E","The layout of Soap / Water / Hand Dryer shall be carefully considered taking account of user-feedback ","Transport Focus has advised that research amongst a group of persons of reduced mobility, who may still be seated on the toilet, has indicated that the best layout is soap furthest away, water central and dryer nearest to the person"]
[null,"C.1.4.2","D","Automatic activation for Soap / Water / Hand Dryer, using sensors, should be provided","This improves hygiene in the toilets."]
[null,"C.1.4.3","E","Soap / Water / Hand Dryer operation shall not be linked to a sequence","Sometimes soap is not required and also passengers like to check there is water before applying soap."]
[null,"C.1.4.4","E","Activation sensor locations for Soap / Water / Hand Dryer shall be obvious and clearly identified; e.g. by using a light beam","Many dispense and outlet points are in non-intuitive positions leading to passenger frustration."]
[]
[null,"C.2",null,"Powered Toilet Doors and Door Controls"]
[null,"C.2.1","E","Powered toilet doors shall not be used on non-Universally Accessible Toilets","Powered doors are viewed as a significant source of toilet unreliability and it is therefore recommended that these only be used where required to meet legislation, such as the PRM TSI."]
[null,"C.2.2",null,"Where powered toilet doors are used:"]
[null,"C.2.2.1","E","Powered toilet doors shall be designed to auto-reset after forced manual operation","This is so they don’t lock themselves out of use."]
[null,"C.2.2.2","E","Powered toilet door controls shall be located as close as practicable to the door","This is where users intuitively expect to find them."]
[null,"C.2.2.3","D","Door locking should be activated by a lever (although it may operate an electrical switch)","This action is associated by users with operating a door lock giving more confidence that the door has been locked."]
[null,"C.2.2.4","D","Pressing the “Door Open” button from the inside shall automatically unlock the door (this requires the lock lever to automatically move back to the unlocked position)","This saves having complicated instructions next to the buttons."]
[null,"C.2.2.5","E","Controls outside the toilet shall have “Open” and “Close” buttons, so that the door can be readily closed from outside","This means the door does not have to remain open and should someone prefer not to have the door locked a carer or parent can remain outside having closed the door."]
[null,"C.2.2.6","D","Operation of the door lock should be accompanied by an appropriate sound and an audible announcement and visual indication “Toilet door is locked”, meeting the needs of passengers with visual or auditory impairment","An audible “clunk” reassures users that the door is locked."]
[null,"C.2.2.7","D","“Door Close” operation from inside shall take precedence over “Door Open” activation from outside, although a secure override should be provided for staff use","Toilets should be the last place of refuge for a person feeling threatened."]
[null,"C.2.2.8","I","Since there is no standard toilet design, passengers have commented that they would welcome a common method of locking the powered toilet door",null,"The renderings in Figure C.2.2.8, suggest an arrangement that should be considered for new designs.","See Appendix C in main document"]
[]
[null,"C.3",null,"Toilet indicators outside of the toilet"]
[null,"C.3.1","E","An indicator on the exterior of the toilet cubicle shall be provided, which can be readily understood by passengers, to show whether a toilet is engaged or has been locked out-of-use (two different indications required) ","This saves persons waiting outside an out-of-use toilet thinking it is engaged"]
[null,"C.3.2","B","An indicator on the exterior of the toilet cubicle shall be provided, for staff information only, to advise when a toilet has remained locked for more than, say, 20 minutes ","To draw the attention of staff to a collapsed person or potential fare dodger"]
[null,"C.3.3","D","Features of the design specified in C.3.2 should include:"]
[null,null,null,"-  An external indicator on the outside of the cubicle to be provided adjacent to each door, with an option to provide a notification to the driver – primarily for use when trains are operating with only a driver as on-train staff, i.e. DCO,"]
[null,null,null,"-  A reset of the timer if the toilet is vacated and reoccupied prior to being checked by on-train staff,"]
[null,null,null,"- A reset of the timer when controls such as flush or washbasin spray are activated"]
[null,"C.3.4","D","Indications of low consumables in Universally Accessible Toilets should be flagged to on-train staff and / or Control so that arrangements can be made to move the person of reduced mobility or restock ","There have been instances where persons in wheel chairs have not been able to use the Universally Accessible Toilet as it is out-of-use, leaving them in embarrassing situations"]
[]
[null,"C.4",null,"Tank Capacities and Range"]
[null,"C.4.1","D","The provision of toilets should be based on the following minimum ratio of seats to toilets:","Given the critical importance of toilets to passenger comfort, particularly on longer journeys, toilet provision, in terms of the ratio of seats to toilets, requires careful consideration"]
[null,null,null,"- For intercity or inter-urban services, 85 seats per toilet,"]
[null,null,null,"- For short distance / commuter services, 125 seats per toilet"]
[null,"C.4.2","I",null,null,"A CET discharge periodicity of 2-3 days is believed to be typical and is usually aligned with other light maintenance tasks. However, a comparison between maintenance cycles and tank discharge frequency, requires separate consideration. For example, light maintenance cycles may be significantly different for diesel trains than electric trains, which require servicing significantly less frequently "]
[null,"C.4.3","I",null,null,"Where unplanned events prevent trains fitted with CETs from returning to a depot to discharge, consideration should be given to the adoption of mobile tanking equipment where the supporting infrastructure allows "]
[null,"C.4.4","D","To extend CET discharge periodicities the fitting of bio-reactor waste technology should be considered ","The design of train toilet systems has changed little since CETs were installed on GB rolling stock. Bio-reactor systems have been developed that treat waste before discharging grey water to the track. Such systems offer significant benefits in terms of extending toilet servicing periodicities up to 90 days. The case for introducing this technology needs to be considered when procuring new toilet systems or trains","Note 1:\nClause 4.2.5.1 of the Loc&Pas TSI No 1302/2014, permits ‘treated water’ to be released to the track. Suppliers of toilet systems that discharge grey water to track should apply the requirements of the European Directive for bathing water quality 2006/7/EC"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Note 2:\nWith retrofit, a check of the vacuum toilet already installed needs to be undertaken for compatibility with a bio-reactor waste tank"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Note 3:\nThe definition of grey water includes toilet wash basin waste and kitchen sink waste"]
[null,"C.4.5","B","All multiple units shall have a minimum of two toilets provided ","To avoid major problems in the event of one toilet becoming defective"]
[null,"C.4.6","D","The capacity of the fresh water tank should be maximised ","At least two days’ worth will reduce the likelihood of running out of water and a toilet being locked out-of-use","Some recommendations are given in ‘EN 16922 Railway applications – Ground based services – Vehicle waste water discharge equipment’","See BSI website"]
[null,"C.4.7","D","The capacity of the waste tank should be double that of the fresh water tank (unless a bio-reactor waste technology is fitted) ","Reduces the likelihood of running out of water and a toilet being locked out of use","However, this ratio may need to be varied depending on the nature of the service to be operated"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Some recommendations are given in ‘EN 16922 Railway applications – Ground based services – Vehicle waste water discharge equipment’","See BSI website"]
[null,"C.4.8","D","A separate toilet cubicle with only a waterless urinal should be provided. And washing could be using hand sanitisers ","Where difficulties are experienced in providing sufficient tank range for the planned duty cycle, this may reduce the overall demand for water"]
[null,"C.4.9","E","When water tank levels are low, priority shall be given to hand washing facilities over toilet flushing "]
[null,"C.4.10","E","The toilet system shall continue to evacuate the bowl even when no water is available for flushing. Under these circumstances toilet cubicles shall remain available for use and the door should not automatically be locked ","There have been instances of trains stranded for extended periods of times, where out of service toilet facilities have resulted in hygiene issues and passenger self-evacuation from the train"]
[]
[null,"C.5",null,"Ease of Manufacture / Maintainability"]
[null,"C.5.1","E","Line-replaceable components within the toilet shall be capable of replacement in less than 30 minutes ","Availability of toilets is critical and the system design should ensure that components are easy to change"]
[null,"C.5.2","D","Non-line-replaceable components, such as hoses, should ideally be specified to remain serviceable for the expected life of the rolling stock or, if this is not practicable, at least up to a Half Life Overhaul "]
[null,"C.5.3","D","Suitable facilities should be designed and provided to enable Train Managers to unblock toilets in service ","Some toilet systems have the functionality for staff to attempt to remove a blockage, i.e. a reverse or service flush"]
[null,"C.5.4","E","Manual facilities for the draining of water tanks, in addition to automatic frost draining shall be provided ","Should a train have no power or batteries are flat, a means to drain manually is required"]
[null,"C.5.5","E","CET tank installations shall be designed to be readily removable without contravening manual handling guidance ","Simple off-the-shelf equipment is preferred"]
[null,"C.5.6","E","Any specialist equipment to facilitate removal of CET tank installations shall be provided "]
[]
[null,"C.6",null,"Design of Toilet Water Filling and Waste Tank Emptying"]
[null,"C.6.1","E","The toilet water filling and waste emptying design shall comply with ‘EN 16922: Railway applications – Ground based services – Vehicle waste water discharge equipment’ and ‘EN 16362, Railway applications — Ground based services — Water restocking equipment’ ",null,null,"See BSI website"]
[null,"C.6.2","E","To prevent the over-pressurising of water tanks, the cross-sectional area of the overflow shall be at least double that of the inlet "]
[null,"C.6.3","E","The toilet system shall be designed to prevent leaks from pipework and ensure that leakage does not occur in inaccessible locations or above electrical equipment "]
[null,"C.6.4","E","The routing of pipework in toilet systems shall ensure that :"]
[null,null,null,"o   all joints are easily accessible "]
[null,null,null,"o   any leakage does not affect electrical equipment"]
[null,null,null,"o   accumulation of water does not cause structural corrosion"]
[null,null,null,"o   any leakage is appropriately managed."]
[null,"C.6.5","E","It shall be possible to drain the water systems completely ","To prevent freezing and stagnant water. Pipe runs should be short with few bends and with a continuous fall towards the outlet"]
[]
[null,"C.7",null,"Main Customer Amenities"]
[null,"C.7.1",null,"Toilet Tissue Dispensing"]
[null,"C.7.1.1","E","Toilet tissue dispensers shall be capable of easily dispensing tissue without shredding or damaging it, even when the dispenser has been filled to its maximum capacity"]
[null,"C.7.1.2","E","It shall not be possible to over-fill the toilet tissue dispenser"]
[null,"C.7.1.3","E","Where toilet tissue is leaved and loaded as a stack, the dispenser shall clearly indicate the correct orientation"]
[null,"C.7.1.4","E","The toilet tissue dispenser shall be designed to accept whole multiples of a standard refill pack"]
[]
[null,"C.7.2",null,"Hand Washing"]
[null,"C.7.2.1","E","Soap dispensers shall be designed not to leak or clog"]
[null,"C.7.2.2","E","Soap dispenser lids that require removal for filling shall be retained to the container"]
[null,"C.7.2.3","E","Where access is provided to the soap dispenser via a panel / door, it shall not be possible for this to be closed unless the soap dispenser is closed correctly"]
[null,"C.7.2.4","E","Any drips from the soap dispenser shall fall into the washbasin; not onto the vanity unit top or floor"]
[]
[null,"C.7.3",null,"Hand Drying"]
[null,"C.7.3.1","D","High velocity air dryers should be provided and located so as not to cause a slipping hazard","Using less energy and reflecting the new norm for public toilets, but blown water should be prevented from going on to the floors."]
[null,"C.7.3.2","E","The hand dryer shall take its supply air feed from inside the toilet cubicle in a position where it is not susceptible to malicious blockage ","This keeps the air pressure inside the toilet cabin neutral and prevents transient smells being expelled into the passenger environment"]
[]
[null,"C.7.4",null,"Toilet Bowl"]
[null,"C.7.4.1","E","Toilet seats and lids shall remain stable in the raised position for the entire range of train operating conditions ","To prevent accidents when they fall due to train movements","Over centre hinges or magnets are a preferred solution"]
[null,"C.7.4.2","E","Robust metal hinges shall be used for the toilet seat and lid"]
[null,"C.7.4.3","D","Slow-close hinges for toilet seats and lids should be provided","In the event of a seat or lid be dropped will not cause damage or noise"]
[null,"C.7.4.4","D","Preference should be given to white sanitary ware ","This looks more ‘domestic’ and less industrial and it is easier to see when surfaces are clean"]
[]
[null,"C.8",null,"Other customer amenities"]
[null,"C.8.1","D","Where a nappy changing table is provided a hook to hold nappy bags should be available"]
[null,"C.8.2","D","A dispenser for sanitary waste bags should be provided in all toilets"]
[null,"C.8.3","E","A waste bin adjacent to the toilet bowl shall be provided for sanitary items and nappies in all toilet cubicles "]
[null,"C.8.4","D","Hooks for coats, bags and walking aids shall be provided, sufficient to cope with the size and weight of bags likely to be taken into a toilet and configured such that they prevent items from coming into contact with the floor or other horizontal surfaces (e.g. top of vanity unit)","Passengers are encouraged to not leave possessions unattended and therefore provision should be made for them to be taken into toilet cubicles."]
[null,"C.8.5","D","In a universally accessible toilet cubicle, hooks for coats and bags should be placed at heights to accommodate a range of users"]
[null,"C.8.6","D","A shelf should be provided","Somewhere for handbags or other items to be placed.","Note that persons with medical conditions, for example stoma bags, would find a hook or shelf useful."]
[null,"C.8.7","D","Consideration should be given to measures to make toilets feel less claustrophobic; for example, through provision of a suitably obscured window "]
[]
[null,"C.9",null,"Resistance to Misuse / Vandalism"]
[null,"C.9.1",null,"Toilet Blockage"]
[null,"C.9.1.1","E","The type test specified for the toilet system shall include common blockage items","Industry experience is that many different items are placed into toilet bowls, including nappies, sanitary waste, drinks can, coins, wet wipes, syringes and needles. Good practice is to ensure that the outlet of the toilet bowl is the smallest orifice in the whole toilet waste system."]
[null,"C.9.1.2","D","Signage and an audible warning of typical items not to be placed into the toilet bowl should be provided, however, it should be brief and to the point"]
[null,"C.9.1.3","E","Access points shall be provided at potential system blockage locations"]
[]
[null,"C.9.2",null,"Vanity Units"]
[null,"C.9.2.1","E","Vanity units shall be designed to take account of train operation when a train is standing on maximum canted track and include a lip around the vanity unit / wash bowl to retain water","Water can get splashed and drip onto passengers and can cause a slipping hazard if it falls to the floor."]
[null,"C.9.2.2","D","Joint lines and use of sealant on vanity units should be minimised","Joints can leak, and sealant become unsightly and discoloured over time"]
[null,"C.9.2.3","D","An integrated splash back and hand basin moulding should be provided","This reduces the likelihood of leaks and dirt traps."]
[null,"C.9.2.4","E","An overflow shall be provided in the hand basin","To ensure that should the drain become blocked, water will not fall to the floor but be drained."]
[null,"C.9.2.5","D","A sensor to cut off the water supply in the event that the overflow becomes blocked should be provided","To ensure that should it become blocked, water will not continue to flow and fall to the floor."]
[null,"C.9.2.6","E","The hand basin tap shall automatically shut off after a pre-determined period of operation","This will conserve water and reduce the risk of flooding."]
[]
[null,"C.9.3",null,"Other areas"]
[null,"C.9.3.1","E","Access doors for emptying waste bins shall automatically lock when closed, only requiring a key to open","This should ensure that they can be closed should they swing open without a key."]
[null,"C.9.3.2","E","Surfaces shall be graffiti-resistant"]
[null,"C.9.3.3","D","Panels should be flush and adequately secured and the number of seams / edges minimised"]
[null,"C.9.3.4","D","The design of the toilet cubicle should minimise the opportunity to hide illicit items","This prevents hypodermic needles, drugs and weapons being concealed, with the associated risk of injury."]
[]
[null,"C.10",null,"Health and Hygiene"]
[null,"C.10.1",null,"Odour Prevention"]
[null,"C.10.1.1","E","Extraction systems shall create a negative pressure in the toilet compared to the remainder of the vehicle interior","Thus, helping to prevent the release of unpleasant odours."]
[null,"C.10.1.2","D","Scent dispensing facilities should be provided","This helps to mask odours via either scent dispensers or scent gel in the toilet bowl."]
[]
[null,"C.10.2",null,"Legionella"]
[null,"C.10.2.1","E","Water taps on washbasins shall not atomize the water and fresh water storage tanks shall be protected from heat sources such as vehicle exhausts or solar gain, so far as is practicable","To reduce the likelihood of legionella.","Note 1: RSSB Project ‘T985: Identification and analysis of risks posed by legionella bacteria in on-train non-potable water systems’ provides guidance on additional good practice ","http://www.rssb.co.uk/library/research-development-and-innovation/research-brief-t985.pdf"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Note 2: RDG when ATOC has also produced a Guidance Note ‘ATOC/GN013: ATOC Guidance Note - Control of Risk Posed by the Presence of Legionella Bacteria in On-train Non-potable Water Systems","http://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/oodocs/ATOCGN013%20Iss%202.pdf"]
[null,"C.10.2.2","E","Water systems shall facilitate ease of chlorination and removal of lime scale","To reduce bacteria and prevent blocking"]
[]
[null,"C.10.3",null,"Ease of Cleaning"]
[null,"C.10.3.1","E","The toilet cubicle floor shall be a single moulded floor-pan","This makes cleaning easier and reduces the likelihood of water leaking into the structure."]
[null,"C.10.3.2","E","All cubicle interior surfaces shall be non-absorbent, stain-resistant and a high gloss finish"]
[null,"C.10.3.3","D","Trace heating of the toilet cubicle floor to reduce the risk of wet floors should be provided","Dries any water and leakage from toilets that can cause slip hazards and get trodden through the vehicle."]
[]
[null,"C.10.4",null,"Other"]
[null,"C.10.4.1","D","A sanitising hand gel dispenser should be provided in addition to soap and water","This helps reduce the spread of germs and can be used in the absence of wash basin water or for cleaning the toilet seat."]
[null,"C.10.4.2","D","The emission of noises from the toilet cubicle should be minimised","The operation of the toilet flushing system and any announcements within can be a nuisance to passengers seated close-by"]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,"RDG"]
[]
[null,"Attribut","Definition of attribute","Function of attribut","Value of attribute","Definition of value","Function of value"]
[null," "]
[null,"ID","Unique Identification of the requirement","Ensure that the requirement remains uniquely traceable, and to enable traceability to needs, solutions and documents","Prefix.ID"]
[null,"Requirement classification","Importance and legal status of the requirement to the project","To differentiate between the requirements with regard to relevance and legal status","Essential (E )","Essential (E ) is a functional or non-functional requirement, which must be fulfilled by the supplier. ","Where the item is not fitted then it can be ignored, but otherwise it should be required."]
[null,null,null,null,"Desirable (D)","Desirable (D) is a non-functional requirement and should be considered where relevant"]
[null,null,null,null,"Business (B)","Business (D) is a functional or non-functional requirement and which must be fulfilled by the supplier where the business decides it is relevant."]
[null,null,null,null,"Information (I)","Information (I) is a textual statement without a legal status.","Where additional information is available or where research is not yet published but is useful to be aware of."]
[null,"Requirement-text","Description of the requirement","Draft the requirement","---","The requirerment","---"]
[null,"Rationale","Reason to state the requirement","To describe the reason why a requirement is stated (traceability to the need)\nTo describe the chosen text of the requirement\nThe rationale provides the reason that the requirement is needed and points to any supporting analysis, trade study, modelling, simulation, or other substantive objective evidence \n","---","The reason for the requirment","---"]
[null,"Reference Information","Indication from where information can be obtained",null,"---","---","---"]

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[null,null,null,"RDG"]
[]
[null,"Point in time","Definition"]
[null," "]
[null,"Offer of Tenderer(s)","Point in time to compare the offers of tenderers"]
[null,"Design Review","Point in time to confirm general design of system or system element will fulfil the requirement"]
[null,"First Article Inspection (FAI) of components","Point in time to confirm developed system or system element will fulfil the requirement"]
[null,"First Integration Inspection (FII)","Point in time to verify integrated system or system element, will comply with  the requirement"]
[null,"Hand-over","Point in time when the train operation company finally takes-over the train from the supplier."]
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[null,"Methods for validation and verification","Definition","Function "]
[null," "]
[null,"Inspection","An inspection is an examination of the item against applicable documentation to confirm compliance with requirements.","Inspection is used to validate and verify properties best determined by examination and observation.  Inspection is generally non-destructive and typically includes the use of sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste; simple physical manipulation; mechanical and electrical gauging; and measurement."]
[null,"First Article Inspection (FAI)","A FAI is a special form of inspection of components, subsystems or systems manufactured under series conditions to see if it meets specifications and to ensure that the process can and does reliably produce what is intended.\nA FAI is carried out before approval of series production and is typically called for in a contract.","A FAI includes all relevant functional, non-functional, quality and produce process requirements to components, subsystems or systems. A FAI can be carried out when all corresponding validation and verification methods - for example design reviews, type tests, calculations etc.- are successfully finished."]
[null,"Analysis","Use of analytical data or simulations under defined conditions to show theoretical compliance","Used where testing to realistic conditions cannot be achieved or is not cost-effective. Analysis may be used when such means establish that the appropriate requirement, specification or derived requirement is met by the proposed solution."]
[null,"Design Review","A formal and systematic validation within a product development process of components, subsystems or systems whereby a design is detailed and evaluated against its requirements.","Validation of agreed functional and non-functional requirements of the system and identification and elimination of potential problems and errors as early as possible."]
[null,"Simulation","Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. A model represents the key characteristics, behaviours or functions of the selected physical or abstract system or process. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation of the system over time.\nSimulations can be used to show, under defined conditions, theoretical compliance. ","Used where testing to realistic conditions cannot be achieved or is not cost-effective. Simulation may be used when such means establish that the appropriate requirement, specification, or derived requirement is met by the proposed solution.\nSimulation can be used e.g. in the process of development to show movement and functional processes, dynamic loads and stresses."]
[null,"Calculation","Calculation to validate or verify agreed or specified parameter, under defined parameters and rules of calculation, by a mathematical proof to show theoretical compliance.","For the input-parameters of the calculation, methods of calculation and the result parameter are presented and evaluated."]
[null,"Demonstration","A qualitative exhibition of functional performance, usually accomplished with no or minimal instrumentation or test equipment. Demonstration uses a set of test activities with system stimuli selected by the supplier to show that system or system element response to stimuli is suitable or to show that operators can perform their allocated functions when using the system. Observations are made and compared with predetermined responses.","Demonstration may be appropriate when requirements or specifications are given in statistical terms (e.g., mean time to repair, average power consumption, etc.)."]
[null,"Routine Test","Examination of every component, subsystem or system during or after the manufacturing process to prove its compliance with the requirements."]
[null,"Test","An action by which the operability, maintainability or performance capability of an item is quantitatively verified when subjected to controlled conditions that are real or simulated.","These verifications often use special test equipment or instrumentation to obtain very accurate quantitative data for analysis."]
[null,"Type test","Test of one or more components, subsystems or the system to prove that the construction is in compliance with the required specification and the relevant standards.","The test object does not need to be manufactured under series conditions. \nType testing includes the validation of required parameter.\nSeveral type tests can be necessary for one test object.\n"]
[null,"Certification","Certification is a written assurance that the system or system element has been developed in accordance with the required standard, and meets the requirements. This assures that the system or system element can perform its assigned functions to a negotiated standard.","The development reviews and system verification and validation results form the basis for certification. Certification is generally performed by a third party against an accepted standard."]