Guidelines for Selection of Appropriate Seismic Countermeasures for Existing Mountain Tunnels in Poor Geological Conditions

In this study, the authors performed model tests and numerical analyses to clarify the quantitative effect of seismic countermeasures for existing mountain tunnels in poor geological conditions. It has become apparent that inner reinforcement can control the initiation of cracks and prevent spalling; backfill grouting can improve deformation performance of...