Historical Earthquake Damage to Tunnels in Japan and Case Studies of Railway Tunnels in the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake

Since mountain tunnels are generally surrounded by stable ground, their displacement during seismic activity tends to be minimized, making such structures less susceptible to seismic damage. Despite this, many railway mountain tunnels have sustained damage, from the 1923 Kanto Earthquake to the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake. This paper provides an outline...