The performance of concrete incorporating microsilica when subjected to freeze/thaw cycles (IM-CES-040)

Concrete subjected to repeated freezing and thawing whilst wet suffers extensive damage due to the expansion of water on freezing. The problem is exacerbated by the use of salt (sodium chloride) as a de-icer, and in marine environments. Repeated applications of de-icer increase the number of freeze/thaw cycles, and hence...