Analysis of the damage to traction substations by the large_magnitude hanshin-awaji earthquake and earthquake-proof design method

Railway structures and traction substations suffered much damage by the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Japan. At traction substations, structures cracked; transformers, rectifiers and other apparatus were damaged; insulation oil leaked; foundation anchor-bolts broke; high-voltage equipment supports inclined and insulators were cracked by the cracks in the ground and uneven subsidence.