Vertical track movements on soft subgrades: relationship between velocity and configuration of a train and the subgrade

Often repeated vibrations generated by trains can seriously damage the ballast and cause track instabilities (e.g., Leykauf & Mattner 1998, Augustin 2002). Railway tracks over soft soils, such as peat or clay, are prone to damage when freight trains pass with velocities up to 80 or 120 km/h and high...