The development and evaluation of next generation bogie designs for North American freight service

Since 2004, 32.5 tonne (286,000-pound) axle load wagons (cars) have been operated successfully in North American interchange service. The bogies used are built according to the M-976 specification of the Association of American Railroads (AAR); this is a performance specification quoting, inter alia, reduced rolling resistance beyond that offered by...