Aerodynamic design optimization of high-speed train shape using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with unsteady flow simulation

A critical design factor for a high-speed train is its aerodynamic properties, for which one must take into consideration parameters such as tunnel micro-pressure waves, aerodynamic drag, flow-induced car vibrations in tunnels, response to crosswinds, and aerodynamic forces affecting the other trains and trackside structures. Amongst them, tunnel micro-pressure wave...