Preventing pantograph and overhead line damage: Part 5 - Development of the force limited pantograph (FLIP) (RR-SAM-067)

It is known from observations of results from the "Panchex" sites that high cross winds results in an increase in contact wire uplift. Excessive uplift can cause the pantograph to foul overhead line equipment which usually results in a dewirement. Previous investigations proposed that in high winds the pantograph...