Study on design optimization of a crushed stone layer with shading board placed on a railway embankment on warm permafrost

Under the impact of potential climate warming and human engineering activities, the Embankment with Crushed Stone Slope Protection (ECSSP) needs further countermeasures to protect the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai–Tibet railway in warm (- 1 to 0 °C) permafrost regions according to the observed in situ data. In this paper,...