Lump mass models for legacy pantographs on GB Mainline (T1105)

The aim of this research was to develop and validate mathematical models for two legacy pantographs - the Brecknell Willis High-speed pantograph (BW HSA) and Stone Faiveley AMBR pantograph models - to allow accurate pantograph/overhead line (OHL) simulations to be carried out for all existing pantographs on the GB rail network.