In June 2009, three railway projects were started under the TrioTRAIN acronym, in response to the EU's 2nd Call of the 7th Framework Programme dealing with key railway interoperability issues. The projects’ objectives were to facilitate cross-acceptance between EU states of railway vehicle certification, close ‘open points in Technical Specifications for Interoperability and reduce the time and cost of the European vehicle acceptance process by replacing assessment by testing with assessment using simulation.